China begins construction of mega-dam on Brahmaputra River

China has begun construction on a massive hydropower project on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in southeastern Tibet, known downstream as the Brahmaputra in India. The project, which broke ground on July 19, 2025, is expected to be one of the largest hydroelectric undertakings globally, with an estimated investment of 1.2 trillion yuan (approximately $167.1 billion), according to Xinhua.

Chinese Premier Li Qiang attended the inauguration ceremony in Nyingchi, Tibet. The project involves the construction of five major hydropower stations. The electricity generated will largely be exported to other provinces, while also meeting local energy demand.

The dam is positioned upstream of India and Bangladesh, raising alarms in both countries about water security. India, in particular, has officially conveyed its concerns to Beijing, stating that it will “monitor and take necessary measures to protect our interests.” China has responded that the project would not have any “negative impact” downstream and promised to maintain communication with lower riparian nations.

The development comes amid persistent tensions between India and China, who share a long and disputed border. Both countries have ongoing troop deployments in high-altitude areas near the river’s origin, making water infrastructure an increasingly strategic and sensitive issue.

Environmental groups have also raised concerns about the ecological risks of large-scale hydropower construction in the fragile Tibetan plateau, warning of possible long-term damage to river ecosystems and local biodiversity.